![]() ![]() [Note: The carbons in sugars are numbered beginning at theĮnd that contains the carbonyl carbon (that is, the aldehyde or keto group) as shown ![]() For example, glucose and galactose areĬ-4 epimers because their structures differ only in the position of the –OH Having the same chemical formula, C 6H 12O 6.Ĭarbohydrate isomers that differ in configuration around only one specificĬarbon atom (with the exception of the carbonyl carbon see “anomers” below)Īre defined as epimers of each other. ForĮxample, fructose, glucose, mannose, and galactose are all isomers of each other, Same chemical formula but have different structures are called isomers. Units and can be hundreds of sugar units in length.įigure 7.1 Examples of monosaccharides found in humans, classified according to the number of carbons they contain.įigure 7.3 A glycosidic bond between two hexoses producing a disaccharide. Monosaccharide units, and polysaccharides contain more than ten monosaccharide DisaccharidesĬontain two monosaccharide units, oligosaccharides contain three to ten Glycosidic bonds to create larger structures (Figure 7.3). There areĮxceptions, such as fructose, to this rule.] Monosaccharides can be linked by Ketoses have an additional “ul” in their suffix such as xyulose. Glyceraldehyde is an aldose, whereas dihydroxyacetone is a ketose.Ĭarbohydrates that have a free carbonyl group have the suffix –ose. With an aldehyde as their carbonyl group are called aldoses, whereas those withĪ keto as their carbonyl group are called ketoses (Figure 7.2 ). They can also be classified by the type of carbonyl group they contain. Sugars) can be classified according to the number of carbon atoms they contain.Įxamples of some monosaccharides commonly found in humans are listed in Figureħ.1.
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